Energy transition: a complex but essential challenge

The energy transition is one of the most significant changes of our time. "The process involves transforming the current energy system, which relies on fossil fuels for more than 60% of its energy, into a system based on renewable energy, energy efficiency, and clean technologies," explained Prof. Massimo Filippini, a full professor at the Faculty of Economics at USI and ETH Zurich, during his appearance on RSI's radio programme Alphaville. Matteo Morganti from the University of Rome 3 also contributed to the discussion.

According to Professor Filippini, the energy transition has a twofold objective: "First, to enhance global environmental quality by addressing the negative impacts of climate change; and second, to improve local well-being, specifically in terms of air quality and the security of energy supply." He highlighted that air pollution leads to over 200,000 premature deaths in Europe each year. The current narrative in politics and the media tends to emphasise global benefits rather than local ones. Filippini emphasised that discussions on energy and climate policy should focus more on local benefits, which are more immediate, individual, and thus more likely to encourage civil society to support the energy transition.

At the Swiss level, the professor then stressed the crucial role of national policies: "In Switzerland, we have two important laws: the Energy Act and the CO₂ Act, which provide the regulatory framework for implementing the transition. Transforming the energy sector from a fossil fuel-based system to one based on renewable energy sources and energy efficiency contributes to local well-being by reducing air pollution and dependence on foreign energy supplies. Currently, more than 60% of the energy consumed is imported (oil, gas, etc.)."

As we look toward 2050, the goal for achieving climate neutrality in Switzerland and other countries, Filippini emphasises that "hydroelectric power—especially in Switzerland—will remain crucial. He also notes that solar energy will become increasingly significant over time." Additionally, these energy sources will be supported by wind power and other renewable energy options. "In the energy transition, in addition to using the current nuclear power plants until their closure, scheduled for around 2040, reliable backup technology is needed to ensure the balance of the system when renewables are not enough. This technology works like insurance: it remains on standby, is activated only when necessary and is financed by a fixed annual premium to ensure its availability. Today, the role of backup technology is best performed by natural gas power plants: fast, flexible, low-cost and less polluting than other fossil fuels. In the future, gas will be replaced by renewable hydrogen and biogas."

The full professor at the Faculty of Economics concluded by calling for a more balanced approach to communication and storytelling about the energy transition: "Several studies estimate that the cost of implementing certain measures will range from 300 to 450 Swiss francs per capita each year. However, these studies often overlook the benefits. The advantages are clear: reduced local pollution, fewer respiratory diseases, a decrease in premature deaths, lower healthcare costs, and enhanced security of supply. According to research conducted by the Swiss Confederation, the reduction in social costs associated with air pollution from the transport sector alone could yield benefits of approximately 400 Swiss francs per year. From an economic standpoint, therefore, transitioning to cleaner practices is not only necessary but also beneficial. This message needs to be conveyed more effectively. There are distinct national and local advantages that are readily apparent. We need to change the narrative."

The full interview, conducted by RSI and aired on the Alphaville radio programme, is available here. (Italian only).